1. The Doctrine of Original Sin

The doctrine of Original Sin teaches that humanity inherits corruption (and in some views guilt) from Adam’s first transgression. This foundational doctrine explains why all humans universally sin and require divine grace for redemption.

Arguments For

- Romans 5:12 shows sin entering through Adam, spreading to all.
- Universality of sin across cultures suggests inherited corruption.
- Practice of infant baptism presupposes guilt from birth.
- Augustine argued Adam’s sin corrupted human nature, leaving us unable to be righteous without grace.

Arguments Against

- Ezekiel 18:20 affirms each is responsible only for their own sin.
- Inherited guilt undermines true free will.
- Jesus emphasized personal repentance, not inherited guilt.

Alternative Views

- Eastern Orthodox: Humans inherit mortality/corruption but not guilt.
- Jewish perspective: Humanity has inclinations toward both good and evil.
- Pelagius: Sin comes by imitation, not inheritance.

2. Human Nature

After the Fall, Christian traditions differ over the condition of human nature.

- Calvinist: Totally depraved, spiritually dead without grace.
- Catholic/Orthodox: Wounded but not destroyed, cooperation with grace needed.
- Pelagian: Born morally neutral, free will intact.
- Jewish/Some Protestant: Humanity remains good by creation but bent by sin.

3. Christological and Soteriological Implications

If Original Sin is true, only divine intervention saves. If rejected, salvation is viewed more as moral improvement. Middle ground: Christ heals corruption and restores communion with God.

4. Philosophical and Ethical Considerations

- Justice: Is inherited guilt fair?
- Freedom: Can will be free if nature is corrupted?
- Anthropology: Psychology suggests inherited tendencies resemble sin’s corruption.

5. Comparison Chart